{"id":144,"date":"2026-02-17T16:34:09","date_gmt":"2026-02-17T15:34:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/coeureuropa.eu\/?p=144"},"modified":"2026-02-18T09:07:26","modified_gmt":"2026-02-18T08:07:26","slug":"from-personalism-to-european-federalism-from-the-perspective-of-denis-de-rougemont","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/coeureuropa.eu\/index.php\/en\/2026\/02\/17\/from-personalism-to-european-federalism-from-the-perspective-of-denis-de-rougemont\/","title":{"rendered":"From Personalism to European Federalism from the perspective of Denis de Rougemont"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A presentation by Professor Charles Ricq at the symposium \u2018Regions, cornerstones of a federal Europe\u2019, Strasbourg, Council of Europe (5\u20137 June 2008), exploring the thinking of Denis de Rougemont.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\">Geneva, 6 June 2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Denis de Rougemont (DdR) was a \u2018European citizen\u2019 and \u2018committed writer\u2019 born in Couvet (Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland) in 1906 and died in Geneva on 6 December 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His main works:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Politique de la personne (1934)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Penser avec les mains (Thinking with the Hands, 1936)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u2019Amour et l\u2019Occident (Love and the West, 1939)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u2019Europe en jeu (Europe at Stake, 1948)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u2019un et le Divers (The One and the Many, 1970)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lettre ouverte aux Europ\u00e9ens (Open Letter to Europeans) (1970).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u2019Avenir est notre affaire (The Future is Our Business) (1977)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rapport sur l\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019Union de l\u2019Europe (Report on the State of the European Union) (1979)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cooperative and contractual federalism, vertical and horizontal; in other words, \u201ccooperation, partnership and therefore autonomy, interdependence and\/or based on the individual and\/or collective person\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three major \u201cfocuses\u201d of reflection and writing in DdR<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The 1930s: the individual and the community, the ethics of federalism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The 1950s: the cultural roots of Europe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The 1970s: regions, the cornerstones of the federal construction of Europe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Part 1: Personalism and the ethics of federalism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For DdR, the individual represents the foundation of European values, and therefore of any federal construction of Europe. In his view, the human person is defined and understood as much by their commitment as by their relationship with others, and therefore there can be no person without a community, nor a community without people. For any federalist, this means that the ultimate goal of any political community is the development of the person, while anticipating and respecting differences; federalism therefore expresses and reflects human diversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For DdR, the ethics of federalism are based on the following core values:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>respect for others (i.e. \u201caffirming the right to be different\u201d)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>self-respect (i.e. \u201cthe duty to be oneself\u201d)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>taking reality into account with humour (i.e. \u201cactive pessimism\u201d)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>an understanding of the paradox linked to the complexity of \u2018the one and the diverse\u2019 (i.e. \u2018the federalist is someone who has understood that the smallest is less vulnerable but also more effective\u2019)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For DdR, the originality of federalism, on a personalist basis, also lies in the fundamental link between thought and action (i.e. \u2018thinking with one&rsquo;s hands\u2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some quotes from Denis de Rougemont on personalism and federalism:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In his first personalist book, Politique de la personne, published in 1934, DdR wrote:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab\u00a0Politics, i.e. any system that aims to govern people, must be based on a definition of the person, their value and their ends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This politics on a human scale must be the expression of the person himself&#8230;\u2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2019The ultimate foundation of any real and actual community, this \u201ctelos\u201d that animates everything, can only be the person\u00a0\u00bb (Penser avec les mains, 1936).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018From my earliest writings, around 1932, I have constantly called for the union of Europe in the name of federalist doctrine. I found this doctrine to be implicit in a philosophy of the person, which a few of us were constructing in the midst of a totalitarian tide&#8230;\u2019 (Europe at Stake, 1948)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018The human person is man considered in his dual reality as a distinct individual and as a citizen engaged in society&#8230;\u2019 (The One and the Many, 1970)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018The philosophy of the person is the only philosophy acceptable to the federalist&#8230;\u2019 (Mission or Resignation of Switzerland, 1940)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018True society is nothing other than a dimension of the person&#8230;\u2019 (L&rsquo;Avenir est notre affaire, 1977)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For DdR, the person is \u2018free and committed\u2019, \u00ab\u00a0free and responsible towards his neighbour and his community \u2018&#8230; \u2019The true relationship between people is a community of responsible individuals\u2018 (Penser avec les mains, op. cit.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, DdR is aware of the limitations of a certain type of federalism: \u2019the inherent flaw of federalism is that it is a dialectical, ambiguous concept that sometimes allows for the most implausible conceptual blunders \u2018 (Open Letter to Europeans, op. cit.) , which led him to invent \u2013 and he repeated this to me many times \u2013 the term \u2019active pessimist\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Part 2: Federalism and regions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Distinguishing between federalism and federalisation, regionalism and regionalisation is crucial for a political scientist such as myself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DdR&rsquo;s key idea: from the individual to the regions through federalism. It should be noted that, for DdR, the couple constitutes the smallest federalist entity; then come the city, regions, state, continent and planet (global federalism): \u2018a European federation is only conceivable with a view to a global federation\u2019 (L\u2019Espace europ\u00e9en, 1947)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like Proudhon, but from a personalist perspective, DdR envisages Europe as a federation of federal regions, with the regions becoming models of \u2018federalist communities\u2019. And already, at the Hague Congress (May 1948), as well as at the creation of the European Union of Federalists (U.E.F.) in Montreux in August 1947, DdR wrote that federalism was intrinsically linked to \u2018the fulfilment of the human person through communities of daily life\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some quotes from Denis de Rougemont on federalism and regions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab\u00a0Uniting beyond our false sovereignties to preserve our true diversities means creating a federal power to safeguard our autonomies. For these autonomies will be lost one by one if we refuse the union that would make them strong; but, in return, this union cannot be achieved at the expense of the freedoms it is supposed to serve&#8230; \u2018 (L&rsquo;Un et le Divers, op. cit.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2019To govern (at all levels) is to coordinate the simultaneous action of elements that are diverse in their diversity and based on their autonomy. To federate, i.e. to indicate common goals to autonomous units, these goals may be short- or long-term, but must be constantly oriented towards the ultimate goal of the secular state, which is the freedom of individuals&#8230;\u00a0\u00bb (Notes pour une \u00e9thique du f\u00e9d\u00e9ralisme, 1979).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018If we want to unite Europe, we must build on what is destined to become the true reality of our society tomorrow, namely a new type of unity, both larger and more complex than the ancient city, but denser and better structured and offering a better environment for civic participation than the nation: the region.\u2019 (Open Letter to Europeans, 1970).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018Building this European federation of people and organic groups \u2013 the regions \u2013 &#8230; means ensuring the effectiveness of our action in European culture for the future\u2019 (Thinking with the Hands, op. cit.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In \u2018The Future is Our Business\u2019 (1977), his last book, DdR makes this plea: \u2018create Regions and federate them, with all that this implies in terms of self-management at different levels, responsibility towards others and personal adventure to be pursued in a restored community\u2019&#8230; \u2018The Region&#8230; enables, implies and promotes a Federation of Europe, based on communities of all kinds, which are complementary rather than competitive.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Part 3: Federalism and the basic principles of European integration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To be distinguished: functionalism in Jean Monnet federalism in DdR<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">European integration, on a federalist basis, is based on the fundamental principle of \u2018unity in diversity\u2019, which DdR calls \u2018differentiated unity\u2019 (L&rsquo;Un et le Divers, op. cit.). . This same European integration is also rooted in the \u2018civic culture\u2019 of each person, taking into account their ethical, cultural and spiritual goals, namely the nature of the person, the goals of life in the City, the true goals of any autonomous and interdependent region. Conceived and envisaged in this way, the European Community will be more than just an example of directives and regulations, however useful they may be, because for DdR, regions are above all \u2018spaces for civic participation\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More fundamentally still, DdR sees European construction, both now and in the future, through its cultural foundation, its \u2018cultural unity\u2019. \u2018We are federalists, i.e., we want all differences to enhance each other through their opposition and create fruitful tensions\u2019 (Journal d&rsquo;une Epoque, ed. Gallimard, 1968).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some quotes from Denis de Rougemont on federalism and European integration:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018Europe, homeland of diversity&#8230;\u2019 (L&rsquo;Un et le Divers, 1970).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018Europe must first and foremost mean union in diversity and respect for diversity&#8230;\u2019 (Le Cheminement des esprits, 1970).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab\u00a0European unity, not homogeneous and not resulting from a forced process of standardisation, levelling and exclusion of what is different, but on the contrary encompassing and broadly composing, in a community that has become increasingly complex over the centuries, often contradictory values, from multiple origins, whose contrasts and combinations maintain relentless tensions&#8230;\u00a0\u00bb (L&rsquo;Un et le Divers, op. cit.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018The federalist problem, a situation in which two contradictory but equally valid and vital human realities clash, such that the solution cannot be sought either in the reduction of one of the terms or in the subordination of one to the other, but only in a creation that encompasses, satisfies and transcends the requirements of both&#8230;\u2019 \u00a0\u00bb (L&rsquo;Un et le Divers, op. cit.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N.B. In this last text, DdR refers not only to Greek philosophers: Plotinus, Heraclitus (\u2018what opposes, cooperates, and from the struggle of opposites proceed the most beautiful harmonies\u2019)&#8230; but also to more recent philosophers such as Hegel, Proudhon, Mounier, etc., and even to Protestant theologians such as Karl Barth&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018Personalism leads to a federalist formula for Europe, which will not necessarily be the most powerful or the richest, but rather that corner of the planet where people of all races will be able to find, if not the greatest happiness, perhaps the greatest meaning in life\u2019 (Open Letter to Europeans, op. cit.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In my view, and to summarise DdR, I would say that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018everything that cooperates, federates\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">and<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018everything that federates, cooperates\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">in the name of the two inseparable basic principles of autonomy and interdependence, both for individuals and communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DdR did not have only friends. The journal Esprit, to which he contributed in the 1930s, attacked him vigorously in a special issue in the autumn of 1948, through articles by E.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mounier (\u2018European federalism, an outdated legacy of the pre-war period\u2019) and J.M. Domenach, who saw the federalists as a coalition dominated by the right, stating that \u2018uniting Europe without transforming it socially will create an economic zone serving America against the USSR&#8230;\u2019. It should be noted that at the Montreux Congress in May 1948, DdR put forward the following alternative: \u2018There is no longer socialism and capitalism; there are only two possible attitudes: federalism and totalitarianism.\u2019 In fact, he had vehemently condemned Nazism as early as 1933, which led to him being sent to the United States by the federal authorities in the early 1940s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De facto, Europe is on the path to \u2018federalisation\u2019. It is becoming federalised through several indicators &#8211; this is what Jacques Delors called the emergence of a \u2018Europe with federal structures\u2019. To confirm this, we can cite the transfer of powers &#8211; Community law &#8211; and, with the future Treaty of Lisbon, the new powers of the European Parliament, the progress made in the \u2018qualified majority\u2019 rule to the detriment of the unanimity rule. We should also note the strengthened territorial cohesion, with a budget of \u20ac336 billion for the period 2007-2013, the creation of the euro in 1999, the Single Market in 1986, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even though DdR never used the terms subsidiarity, governance, proportionality, proximity, etc., which have become almost commonplace even outside the European institutions in Strasbourg and Brussels, all his writings confirm that his thinking, without using these terms, developed their spirit. I will quote, for example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018I love the state so much that I want it on every floor\u2019;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">for him, it was therefore a question of redistributing structures and competences, even if he sometimes added \u2018less state, more Europe\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As for regional, national and European citizenship, DdR never missed an opportunity to remind people that he was first and foremost a \u2018European citizen\u2019, which, when I drove him home in the evening, across the border, never failed to excite the French customs officers when he forgot his identity papers. And when he referred to civil society and NGOs in his daily life, it was also in the name of citizenship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And partnership (a term that does not appear in his writings either) was part of his ethic of federalism \u2013 cooperative or contractual federalism \u2013 which assumed, even at the level of any group, and a fortiori for regional, national and European communities, that every person, individual or collective, free, autonomous and responsible, could enter into a contract. This partnership, whether vertical and\/or horizontal, was the very basis of his objective of a federated Europe, a European federal state that was \u2018one and diverse\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Chamber of Regions in Strasbourg and the Committee of the Regions in Brussels, created in May and March 1994 respectively, can therefore work, each according to its competences and means, to ensure that the regions increasingly become the cornerstones of a federal Europe that is already emerging; this is indeed the system that would best suit the diversity of countries and regions in Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A presentation by Professor Charles Ricq at the symposium \u2018Regions, cornerstones of a federal Europe\u2019, Strasbourg, Council of Europe (5\u20137 June 2008), exploring the thinking of Denis de Rougemont. Geneva, 6 June 2008 Introduction: Denis de Rougemont (DdR) was a \u2018European citizen\u2019 and \u2018committed writer\u2019 born in Couvet (Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland) in 1906 and died in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":147,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-charles-ricq-archive"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>From Personalism to European Federalism from the perspective of Denis de Rougemont - Centre d&#039;Observation Europ\u00e9en des R\u00e9gions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Charles Ricq, at the symposium 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